Data & Impact

Science & Impact

The evidence behind the work.

Riseline is built on published science, independent measurement, and full transparency. Here's what the data shows — and where it comes from.

Open pile burning doesn't just release CO₂ — it produces methane, nitrogen oxides, and PM2.5 at rates far exceeding controlled flame-cap pyrolysis. The same biomass that could store carbon for centuries instead releases it in an afternoon.

Emissions Comparison

Pile burning vs. flame-cap kilns — per metric ton of dry biomass.

Source: USFS RMRS-GTR-439, Table 9.

CO₂e calculated using GWP100 factors.

PM2.5 (smoke)71% lower with flame-cap
Pile burn
39 kg/t
Flame-cap
11.5 kg/t
Carbon Monoxide96% lower with flame-cap
Pile burn
653 kg/t
Flame-cap
26 kg/t
NOx (nitrogen oxides)94% lower with flame-cap
Pile burn
25 kg/t
Flame-cap
1.5 kg/t
Methane (CH₄)42% lower with flame-cap
Pile burn
45 kg/t
Flame-cap
26 kg/t
Why these numbers matter beyond CO₂

Methane carries 27× the warming potential of CO₂ over 100 years. Open pile burning produces it at meaningful rates — meaning the true climate cost is substantially higher than CO₂ figures alone suggest.

NOx compounds the problem through a different pathway: it doesn't warm the climate directly, but degrades air quality in the communities closest to burn operations — the same rural and tribal communities that already bear disproportionate smoke exposure during wildfire season.

Emissions co-benefits are documented and reported alongside carbon removal metrics, but never combined into the net removal figure used for credit issuance.

NapaChar producer data — 23 samples, Oct 2024–May 2025
MetricValueRegistry threshold
Avg. organic carbon (Corg %)82.7%>70% premium grade
Standard deviation2.6%
Average H:Corg ratio0.31<0.7 max (stability)
Lab methodDry Combustion, ASTM D-4373
What the H:C ratio tells us
The hydrogen-to-carbon molar ratio indicates how completely organic material has been transformed into stable carbon. Values below 0.35 are consistent with multi-century storage stability. All NapaChar samples averaged 0.31 — well below the 0.7 maximum required by leading registry methodologies.
Representative one-day field operation
SourceCO₂e (tonnes)
Crew travel / site access0.009
Water tender transport0.062
Trailer / equipment transport0.026
Chainsaw operation0.047
Excavator — material handling0.104
Drip torch ignition0.010
Total operational emissions0.259

Assumes 30-mile round-trip transport. Source: Riseline LCA (2025), US EPA GHG Inventory Factors, GREET (2024).

Net removal per production unit — 10-hour operating day
Big Box Kiln4.90 t CO₂

Even the most conservative production scenario delivers more than ten times the carbon removed for every unit of carbon emitted in operations.

Methodology
We modeled unit economics using a Monte Carlo simulation of 20,000 iterations per production unit, incorporating uncertainty in biochar yield, carbon removal factor, fuel costs, labor, and site-level LCA emissions. The model captures the realistic range of outcomes rather than a single best-case figure.
Variables modeled
Biochar yield per dry ton · Carbon removal factor (2.0–3.2 t CO₂ per tonne biochar) · Fuel costs · Labor rates · Equipment transport distance · Site-level LCA emissions · Carbon credit price scenarios · Durability discount per published protocols.
The Financing Loop

Revenue that funds more stewardship.

Carbon credit revenue is not a one-time benefit. When revenue flows back to producers, it funds equipment, labor, and continued participation — so the transition from pile burning doesn't have to come out of pocket.

This creates a self-reinforcing loop: more production generates more revenue, which funds more production, which advances the goal of making pile burning the exception rather than the norm.

1
Produce biocharFuels work generates biochar instead of ash and smoke.
2
Earn carbon creditsMeasured, verified CO₂ removal becomes tradeable credits.
3
Revenue returns locallyCredit sales flow back to producers.
4
Fund more stewardshipRevenue covers equipment, labor, and next season's production.
Further Reading

Key references.

  • 01Wilson et al. (2024). Mobile biochar production by flame carbonization: Reducing wildfire risk and improving forest resilience. USFS RMRS-GTR-439.
  • 02Elias et al. (2024). Market analysis of coupled biochar and carbon credit production from wildfire fuel reduction projects in the western USA. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining.
  • 03Reisen et al. (2020). Smoke emissions from prescribed burning of forest residues in the Pacific Northwest. J. Air & Waste Mgmt. Assoc.
  • 04Lehmann et al. (2025). Biochar in the carbon cycle. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment.
  • 05Riseline Foundation (2025). Life Cycle Assessment and Techno-Economic Analysis of distributed biochar production systems in the Mountain West. Available on request.

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